The purpose of wheel speed sensors is to measure the rotational speed of each wheel and send this information to the electronic control unit (ECU) of the vehicle. The ECU uses this data to control other systems that depend on the wheel speed, such as the anti-lock braking system (ABS) and the traction control system (TCS). The wheel speed sensors also provide the input for the speedometer and odometer. Wheel speed sensors can be either passive or active, depending on whether they have signal conditioning circuitry or not. Passive sensors consist of a ferromagnetic rod with a permanent magnet and a wire coil, which generate an alternating voltage as a toothed ring (also called a tone wheel) rotates near them. Active sensors have additional components that amplify, modify, or encode the signal before sending it to the ECU. Some wheel speed sensors can also detect the direction of rotation of the wheel, which can help with stability control and parking assistance.
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